浅谈工程造价管理外文翻译

1、急求工程造价管理外文文献翻译，中英都要，需要原文出处，至少5000字符，谢谢

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2、工程管理方向、工程造价方向的外文均可，要求翻译成中文字数不少于2000字（急急急急急！！！）

9 Benefits of a Project ScheleThe Value of a Project Schele "Failing to plan means planning to fail" In my mind, that sums it up. But this article will focus on providing some more detailed benefits. Contrary to what you might be thinking, this article is NOT some type of promotion for the use of Microsoft Project. As a matter of fact, your schele could be developed on a napkin, providing you (and your team) develop it, and manage with it!! Forces detailed thinking and planningThis is the biggest benefit! Brainstorming with the team on what needs to be done when and by whom can be a very enlightening exercise. A few months ago I was assisting a project manager and his team as they were developing their plan. As we were loading the tasks into the project schele (again, could have easily been a napkin), I kept asking about predecessors and successors. This would be followed by a long pause as the team members pondered the concept, then discussion and sometimes, additional tasks would surface. About 3/4 of the way through the exercise the project manager stated "So now I see why we should do it this way!"Improves communicationA completed / current version of the schele keeps all team members "singing from the same page of the hymn book". When the team knows what is supposed to occur when and by whom, this makes managing the rest of the project a little easier. Communicating with management, the customer, and other stakeholders is also much easier with a schele.Provides a goalWhether it is the short term goals of tasks for the week, the mid range goals of a deliverable or milestone, or the overall project finish date, this information is all contained within the schele. And providing you are following the tip of communicating, all team members should be aware of these goals.Lets you know when you are off trackJust like when you take a trip; the schele is the roadmap that tells you how to get from point A to point Z. There even may be times when you experience potholes or detours, but if you did not have a roadmap, how would you get back on track? Monitoring the baseline or original schele allows you to know when you get off track. It will tell you just how far off track your project is, and allow you to experiment with what-if scenario's for getting back on track.Reces delivery timeThere are a couple of ways a schele helps here.Once your original schele is complete, you now have the abilitiy to step back and determine what tasks could be started early or completed in parallel with other tasks (Fast Tracking). Secondly, by tying dates and rations to tasks creates a sense of urgency that might not otherwise be there. Without these dates, a team member may postpone working on an activity that could cause a delay in downstream milestones. Reces costsYou may think that developing and managing a schele would increase costs. It is more work right? Here are a few examples of how a schele reces cost. Reces rework - Imagine someone starting to develop the code for a new application without all the requirements.Eliminates plicate work - Imagine person A and person B heading off to perform the same task when only person A was assigned.Return resources sooner - Whether renting a bulldozer, or contracting a team of people, the longer those resources are on the project, the more costly it becomes. A schele will enable the project manager to return those resources as soon as possible. Increases proctivityBy examining the sequence of tasks and the resources assigned, perhaps periods can be found where resources are under-utilized. Assigning them to additional tasks or changing the logic of when the tasks should be performed will make the team more proctive. See problems earlyWhether it is an issue with a milestone date slipping or resources being over-allocated a month from now, having an up-to-date schele can help you see these problems before they become true issues impacting your project. You can leverage the schele for what-if scenarios to find a solution or raise the issue to the proper stakeholders well in advance. Enables project manager to control the project instead of the project having control of themThis one is probably debatable by many project managers who currently have a detailed schele but still find themselves struggling each day just to stay afloat. But imagine where you would be without that plan! Hopefully this article has proven some of the value in creating and maintaining a project schele. If you are currently managing your projects without a schele, you should try building one and managing to it. I'm sure you will find your life will change. If you do use a schele, whether it is in MS Project, Excel, or a napkin, look at it now and see how many of these tips you can apply.

3、急求一篇关于工程造价、预算管理的英文文献，pdf格式的，5到10页左右，土木工程学生做外文翻译用的。

弟弟，你到这里来下载吧http://www.aacei.org/technical/rps/17r-97.pdf As a recommended practice of AACE International, the Cost Estimate Classification System provides guidelines for applying the general principles of estimate classification to asset project cost estimates. Asset project cost estimates typically involve estimates for capital investment, and exclude operating and life-cycle evaluations. The Cost Estimate Classification System maps the phases and stages of asset cost estimating together with a generic maturity and quality matrix that can be applied across a wide variety of instries. This guideline and its addenda have been developed in a way that: ...................................

4、急需一份工程造价外文翻译夹带中文译文

工程造价是指进行某项工程建设所花费的全部费用。工程造价是一个广义概念，在不同的场合，工程造价含义不同。由于研究对象不同，工程造价有建设工程造价，单项工程造价，单位工程造价以及建筑安装工程造价等。 工程造价专业培养具有良好的科学素养，掌握工程造价的基础知识，熟悉工程造价全过程的管理，经过严格的实践技能训练,以工程施工阶段工程造价的编制与控制为重点的高级技术应用型人才。 工程造价专业毕业生主要从事建筑、安装、市政等施工阶段工程预算及工程结算与决算，工程审计与估价，定额编制与管理；还可从事工业与民用建筑工程的施工和组织管理、工程监理、工程招投标及项目管理等方面的工作。 工程造价专业 培养目标：本专业培养德智体美全面发展，具备扎实的高等教育文化理论基础，适应我国和地方区域经济建设发展需要，具备管理学、经济学和土木工程技术的基本知识，掌握现代工程造价管理科学的理论、方法和手段，获得造价工程师、咨询（投资）工程师的基本训练，具有工程建设项目投资决策和全过程各阶段工程造价管理能力，有实践能力和创新精神的应用型高级工程造价管理人才。 就业方向：学生毕业后能够在工程（造价）咨询公司、建筑施工企业（乙方）、建筑装潢装饰工程公司、工程建设监理公司、房地产开发企业、设计院、会计审计事务所、政府部门企事业单位基建部门（甲方）等企事业单位，从事工程造价招标代理、建设项目投融资和投资控制、工程造价确定与控制、投标报价决策、合同管理、工程预（结）决算、工程成本分析、工程咨询、工程监理以及工程造价管理相关软件的开发应用和技术支持等工作。 开设的主要课程：画法几何与工程制图、工程制图与 CAD 、管理学原理、房屋建筑学、建筑材料、工程力学、工程结构、建筑施工技术、工程项目管理、工程经济学、建筑工程计价、土建工程计量、安装工程施工技术、工程造价管理、建设工程合同管理、工程造价案例分析、电工学、流体力学、建筑电气与施工、安装工程计价与计量、建筑给排水与施工等。 授予学位：工学学士或管理学学士 工程造价（Project Cost）两种含义。第一种含义：工程造价是指建设一项工程预期开支或实际开支的全部固定资产投资费用。也就是一项工程通过建设形成相应的固定资产、无形资产所需用一次性费用的总和。这一含义是从投资者—业主的角度来定义的。从这个意义上说，工程造价就是指工程价格。即为建成一项工程，预计或实际在土地市场、设备市场、技术劳务市场，以及承包市场等交易活动中所形成的建筑安装工程的价格和建设工程总价格。通常是把工程造价的第二种含义只认定为工程承发包价格。它是在建筑市场通过招投标，由需求主体投资者和供给主体建筑商共同认可的价格。Project cost is the construction of a project to spend the full cost. Project cost is a broad concept, on different occasions, different cost implications. Different as a result of the study, construction cost to build a project cost, the indivial project cost, unit cost and the cost of such construction and installation works.Project cost of professional training with a sound scientific knowledge, to master the basics of project cost, with the entire process of project cost management, practical skills through rigorous training to the project construction phase of the preparation of project cost focus and control the application of high-level technical personnel .Project Cost graates mainly in construction, installation, construction of municipal projects, such as budget and project billing and accounts, project audit and valuation, fixed the preparation and management; also engaged in instrial and civil engineering construction and organizational management, engineering supervision, project bidding and project management work.Project cost of professionalTraining Objectives: This all-round development of professional training with a solid theoretical foundation for culture of higher ecation to adapt to China's regional economic development and local development needs, with the management of science, economics and civil engineering technology, basic knowledge, to master modern engineering cost the management of scientific theories, methods and means of access to cost engineers, consulting (investment) engineers the basic training, with a construction project and the whole process of investment decision-making at all stages of project cost management ability, practical ability and innovative application-oriented high-level project cost management personnel.Employment orientation: after graation in engineering (cost) consulting firms, construction companies (B), decoration of construction, engineering construction supervision companies, real estate development enterprises, and design, accounting, auditing firms, government departments, enterprises infrastructure sector institutions (Party), such as enterprises, institutions,Tender agent to engage in project cost, project investment and financing and investment control, project cost to determine and control, tender offer decision-making, contract management, engineering, pre-(end) accounts, engineering cost analysis, engineering consulting, engineering supervision and project cost management software development and application and technical support and so on.Set up the main course: Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing, Engineering Drawing with CAD, Principles of Management, housing architecture, building materials, engineering mechanics, engineering structures, construction technology, project management, engineering economics, construction pricing, measures civil works, installation engineering technology, project cost management, construction contract management, project cost case analysis, electrical engineering, fluid mechanics, construction and electrical construction, pricing and metering installation works, building and construction, such as water supply and drainage.Conferment of academic degrees: Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of ManagementProject Cost (Project Cost) two kinds of meaning. The first is the meaning of: building construction cost is the expected expenditure on a project or the actual expenditure of the cost of all investment in fixed assets. That is, the formation of a project through the construction of the corresponding fixed assets, intangible assets required for the sum of one-time costs. This means that from the investors - the owners in terms of the definition. In this sense, the project cost price refers to the project. Completion of a project is expected to or actually in the land market, market, technical labor market,As well as trading activity contracting market in the form of construction and installation works price and the total price of construction projects. Project cost is usually the only the second meaning that prices for works contracts. It is in the construction market, the main demand of investors and the supply of the main builders of the price of the common recognition.

5、急需一份关于土木工程外文文献翻译，关于施工管理、工程造价的都行。汉英都要，5000字左右，感激不尽！！

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