工程造价毕业设计译文

1、工程管理方向、工程造价方向的外文均可，要求翻译成中文字数不少于2000字（急急急急急！！！）

9 Benefits of a Project ScheleThe Value of a Project Schele "Failing to plan means planning to fail" In my mind, that sums it up. But this article will focus on providing some more detailed benefits. Contrary to what you might be thinking, this article is NOT some type of promotion for the use of Microsoft Project. As a matter of fact, your schele could be developed on a napkin, providing you (and your team) develop it, and manage with it!! Forces detailed thinking and planningThis is the biggest benefit! Brainstorming with the team on what needs to be done when and by whom can be a very enlightening exercise. A few months ago I was assisting a project manager and his team as they were developing their plan. As we were loading the tasks into the project schele (again, could have easily been a napkin), I kept asking about predecessors and successors. This would be followed by a long pause as the team members pondered the concept, then discussion and sometimes, additional tasks would surface. About 3/4 of the way through the exercise the project manager stated "So now I see why we should do it this way!"Improves communicationA completed / current version of the schele keeps all team members "singing from the same page of the hymn book". When the team knows what is supposed to occur when and by whom, this makes managing the rest of the project a little easier. Communicating with management, the customer, and other stakeholders is also much easier with a schele.Provides a goalWhether it is the short term goals of tasks for the week, the mid range goals of a deliverable or milestone, or the overall project finish date, this information is all contained within the schele. And providing you are following the tip of communicating, all team members should be aware of these goals.Lets you know when you are off trackJust like when you take a trip; the schele is the roadmap that tells you how to get from point A to point Z. There even may be times when you experience potholes or detours, but if you did not have a roadmap, how would you get back on track? Monitoring the baseline or original schele allows you to know when you get off track. It will tell you just how far off track your project is, and allow you to experiment with what-if scenario's for getting back on track.Reces delivery timeThere are a couple of ways a schele helps here.Once your original schele is complete, you now have the abilitiy to step back and determine what tasks could be started early or completed in parallel with other tasks (Fast Tracking). Secondly, by tying dates and rations to tasks creates a sense of urgency that might not otherwise be there. Without these dates, a team member may postpone working on an activity that could cause a delay in downstream milestones. Reces costsYou may think that developing and managing a schele would increase costs. It is more work right? Here are a few examples of how a schele reces cost. Reces rework - Imagine someone starting to develop the code for a new application without all the requirements.Eliminates plicate work - Imagine person A and person B heading off to perform the same task when only person A was assigned.Return resources sooner - Whether renting a bulldozer, or contracting a team of people, the longer those resources are on the project, the more costly it becomes. A schele will enable the project manager to return those resources as soon as possible. Increases proctivityBy examining the sequence of tasks and the resources assigned, perhaps periods can be found where resources are under-utilized. Assigning them to additional tasks or changing the logic of when the tasks should be performed will make the team more proctive. See problems earlyWhether it is an issue with a milestone date slipping or resources being over-allocated a month from now, having an up-to-date schele can help you see these problems before they become true issues impacting your project. You can leverage the schele for what-if scenarios to find a solution or raise the issue to the proper stakeholders well in advance. Enables project manager to control the project instead of the project having control of themThis one is probably debatable by many project managers who currently have a detailed schele but still find themselves struggling each day just to stay afloat. But imagine where you would be without that plan! Hopefully this article has proven some of the value in creating and maintaining a project schele. If you are currently managing your projects without a schele, you should try building one and managing to it. I'm sure you will find your life will change. If you do use a schele, whether it is in MS Project, Excel, or a napkin, look at it now and see how many of these tips you can apply.

2、急求英文翻译，工程造价类

The fixed quantity valuation and the detailed list valuation are determine the building cost of projects two kind of valuation model.The fixed quantity valuation is take generally the budget quota, each kind of expenses standards as the foundation basis, according to stipulation computational procere determination building cost of projects valuation method.But the detailed list valuation is in the unified resilience computation rule foundation, the formulation resilience detailed list project establishment rule, calculates each detailed list project according to the concrete project's construction blueprint the resilience, acts according to each kind of channel to obtain the building cost of projects information and the empirical data computation again obtains the building cost of projects one valuation method.Can manifest the detailed list valuation bid fully in the graation project process the superiority, the better creation equal competition's platform, gives the risk equal division both sides, and can let the owner carry on the effective control to the project.Manifests the tendency which in the design the detailed list tender offer the superiority and the present will develop.

3、急求一个关于工程造价的外文文献及中文翻译，外文文献要有期刊号。谢谢了

外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了百，如果需要直接百度Hi中留言同时贴度出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你问的需要，能帮到你，答并请及时知道评价，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏内点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，并请及时采容纳

4、急需一份工程造价外文翻译夹带中文译文

工程造价是指进行某项工程建设所花费的全部费用。工程造价是一个广义概念，在不同的场合，工程造价含义不同。由于研究对象不同，工程造价有建设工程造价，单项工程造价，单位工程造价以及建筑安装工程造价等。 工程造价专业培养具有良好的科学素养，掌握工程造价的基础知识，熟悉工程造价全过程的管理，经过严格的实践技能训练,以工程施工阶段工程造价的编制与控制为重点的高级技术应用型人才。 工程造价专业毕业生主要从事建筑、安装、市政等施工阶段工程预算及工程结算与决算，工程审计与估价，定额编制与管理；还可从事工业与民用建筑工程的施工和组织管理、工程监理、工程招投标及项目管理等方面的工作。 工程造价专业 培养目标：本专业培养德智体美全面发展，具备扎实的高等教育文化理论基础，适应我国和地方区域经济建设发展需要，具备管理学、经济学和土木工程技术的基本知识，掌握现代工程造价管理科学的理论、方法和手段，获得造价工程师、咨询（投资）工程师的基本训练，具有工程建设项目投资决策和全过程各阶段工程造价管理能力，有实践能力和创新精神的应用型高级工程造价管理人才。 就业方向：学生毕业后能够在工程（造价）咨询公司、建筑施工企业（乙方）、建筑装潢装饰工程公司、工程建设监理公司、房地产开发企业、设计院、会计审计事务所、政府部门企事业单位基建部门（甲方）等企事业单位，从事工程造价招标代理、建设项目投融资和投资控制、工程造价确定与控制、投标报价决策、合同管理、工程预（结）决算、工程成本分析、工程咨询、工程监理以及工程造价管理相关软件的开发应用和技术支持等工作。 开设的主要课程：画法几何与工程制图、工程制图与 CAD 、管理学原理、房屋建筑学、建筑材料、工程力学、工程结构、建筑施工技术、工程项目管理、工程经济学、建筑工程计价、土建工程计量、安装工程施工技术、工程造价管理、建设工程合同管理、工程造价案例分析、电工学、流体力学、建筑电气与施工、安装工程计价与计量、建筑给排水与施工等。 授予学位：工学学士或管理学学士 工程造价（Project Cost）两种含义。第一种含义：工程造价是指建设一项工程预期开支或实际开支的全部固定资产投资费用。也就是一项工程通过建设形成相应的固定资产、无形资产所需用一次性费用的总和。这一含义是从投资者—业主的角度来定义的。从这个意义上说，工程造价就是指工程价格。即为建成一项工程，预计或实际在土地市场、设备市场、技术劳务市场，以及承包市场等交易活动中所形成的建筑安装工程的价格和建设工程总价格。通常是把工程造价的第二种含义只认定为工程承发包价格。它是在建筑市场通过招投标，由需求主体投资者和供给主体建筑商共同认可的价格。Project cost is the construction of a project to spend the full cost. Project cost is a broad concept, on different occasions, different cost implications. Different as a result of the study, construction cost to build a project cost, the indivial project cost, unit cost and the cost of such construction and installation works.Project cost of professional training with a sound scientific knowledge, to master the basics of project cost, with the entire process of project cost management, practical skills through rigorous training to the project construction phase of the preparation of project cost focus and control the application of high-level technical personnel .Project Cost graates mainly in construction, installation, construction of municipal projects, such as budget and project billing and accounts, project audit and valuation, fixed the preparation and management; also engaged in instrial and civil engineering construction and organizational management, engineering supervision, project bidding and project management work.Project cost of professionalTraining Objectives: This all-round development of professional training with a solid theoretical foundation for culture of higher ecation to adapt to China's regional economic development and local development needs, with the management of science, economics and civil engineering technology, basic knowledge, to master modern engineering cost the management of scientific theories, methods and means of access to cost engineers, consulting (investment) engineers the basic training, with a construction project and the whole process of investment decision-making at all stages of project cost management ability, practical ability and innovative application-oriented high-level project cost management personnel.Employment orientation: after graation in engineering (cost) consulting firms, construction companies (B), decoration of construction, engineering construction supervision companies, real estate development enterprises, and design, accounting, auditing firms, government departments, enterprises infrastructure sector institutions (Party), such as enterprises, institutions,Tender agent to engage in project cost, project investment and financing and investment control, project cost to determine and control, tender offer decision-making, contract management, engineering, pre-(end) accounts, engineering cost analysis, engineering consulting, engineering supervision and project cost management software development and application and technical support and so on.Set up the main course: Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing, Engineering Drawing with CAD, Principles of Management, housing architecture, building materials, engineering mechanics, engineering structures, construction technology, project management, engineering economics, construction pricing, measures civil works, installation engineering technology, project cost management, construction contract management, project cost case analysis, electrical engineering, fluid mechanics, construction and electrical construction, pricing and metering installation works, building and construction, such as water supply and drainage.Conferment of academic degrees: Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of ManagementProject Cost (Project Cost) two kinds of meaning. The first is the meaning of: building construction cost is the expected expenditure on a project or the actual expenditure of the cost of all investment in fixed assets. That is, the formation of a project through the construction of the corresponding fixed assets, intangible assets required for the sum of one-time costs. This means that from the investors - the owners in terms of the definition. In this sense, the project cost price refers to the project. Completion of a project is expected to or actually in the land market, market, technical labor market,As well as trading activity contracting market in the form of construction and installation works price and the total price of construction projects. Project cost is usually the only the second meaning that prices for works contracts. It is in the construction market, the main demand of investors and the supply of the main builders of the price of the common recognition.

5、翻译工程造价论文摘要

With China's western development in full swing, the central and western regions has been formed a big investment, the development of the situation. With the expansion of the scale of modern engineering construction project, the difficulty of the construction technology and quality requirement enhances unceasingly, departments and units, interactive growing amount of information, the information exchange and transmission becomes more and more frequent, the complexity of the construction project cost management and the difficulty is more and more prominent. Informatization of project construction management is imperative.In this paper, in combination with the practical situation of our company, design and implementation of the project cost management information system. System based on three-layer architecture development, C#.NET has high repeatability and maintainability. The establishment of the three-tier architecture model database, reced the number of connected to the database server. Due to the ?

6、我是工程造价专业的学生 急需以下课程名称的英文翻译

Situation and Policies ecation, computer programming based VF, cost English, engineering bill pricing, economic law and contract management, project risks and management contracts, project management, installation works over the budget, financial management, real estate valuation, municipal works, Principles of management, systems engineering, fixed principle and Budget, technical economics, construction projects over the budget, construction machinery, operations research, foundation and the foundation, construction equipment engineering, construction supervision Studies, construction design, construction economics, housing construction Xue, building regulations, management, psychology, lawyer system and practice, read financial reports of listed companies

7、急求一篇关于工程造价的文章，并翻译成中文 字数1000左右吧

Construction Cost Audit ReportFor Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd. Project佼佼意人食品（上海）有限公司松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修工程结算审核咨询报告To: Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd.佼佼意人食品（上海）有限公司：Entrusted by Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd.(The “Client” or the “Property Owner”), Beijing Zhongruiyuehua Project Cost Consulting Co.,Ltd. (The “Auditor” or “We”) has performed a construction cost audit on the completed factory decoration project of A1, No.55 Shushan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai. During the auditing period, Shanghai Jinsha Construction & Installation Co., Ltd. (The “Contractor”) did not provide the complete information for settlement verification. Under the circumstance that we did not have the complete information, we have reviewed and verified the actual on-site work amount of the factory at A1, No.55 Shushan Road.受贵司委托对松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修工程进行已完工程结算审核咨询，在委托期间由于总包施工企业上海金厦建筑安装工程有限公司（以下简称施工方）不予以配合，未提供完整的结算审核资料。我们在施工企业提供的资料不完整的情况下，受业主委托对书山路55号A1厂房现场所发生的实际工程量予以复核。I. Auditor’s Statement一、工程审核委托说明In accordance with the construction contract, the property owner shall review and verify the proposed settlement provided by the contractor and give feedback. However, the contractor refused to provide complete information for settlement verification. The property owner has engaged us, the project cost consulting company, to audit the actual work amount and construction cost for this project on its behalf. Therefore, our calculated construction cost is based on the information provided by property owner and actual on-site measurement; and our audit result is only to provide a professional opinion to the property owner as a reference. If the contractor provided fully comprehensive information for settlement verification, we will charge the client differently in accordance with the service agreement.根据施工合同的要求，业主方应对施工方上报的结算申请予以复核，并回复意见。由于施工方拒绝提供完整的结算资料。本公司依据业主方的单方面委托，以专业身份代替业主按实审核已完工程造价，故本报告仅为本公司根据业主方提供的相关信息及现场实地丈量情况计算的工程造价，其审核结果为提供给业主方结算的参考意见，如施工方另行提供结算资料，我们将根据委托协议，进行调整。II. Construction Cost Audit Basis二、工程审核依据1. This audit report is in accordance with “Shanghai Construction and Decoration Project Budget Quota (2000)”, “Shanghai Installation Project Budget Quota (2000)”, and other related quotas, current documents, and provisions issued by Shanghai Construction authority.1.本审核咨询书依据《上海市建筑和装饰工程预算定额(2000)》、《上海市安装工程预算定额2000》等上海市建设主管部门颁发的有关工程造价的与“2000”定额相配套的其他现行文件和规定执行。2. In this audit report, the additional charge rate of 6% is in accordance with “Shanghai Construction Cost Information.”2．本审核咨询书增加项目工程造价取费费率取定根据上海市《上海市工程造价信息》所刊登之费率取定如下：装修工程综合费率按6%计取。3. In this audit report, man-hour rate and partial main materials are calculated using the average method in accordance with “Shanghai Construction Cost Information;” all other materials without market price guide are referred to current market price and the actual condition of construction. 3．本审核咨询书人工费单价及部分主要材料价格根据施工期间《上海市工程造价信息》中所刊登价格按算术平均值计算，无市场指导价的材料均按市场实价并结合本工程的实际情况进行计取。4. Construction contracts, sub contracts, and other related agreements with sub-contractors; 4.建设施工合同、分包合同、与分包单位的结算协议；5.Bid documents and tender documents; 5.招标文件、投标文件；6.Design papers and deepened description, work amount, specific brand requirement, and other related specifications; 6.设计图纸及设计深化说明、工程量、指定品牌要求及其相关说明；7.Related laws and regulations; 7．有关法律、法规；8.Information provided by the client and other related verifications. 8．委托单位提供的资料及其相关依据证明。III. Construction Cost Audit Procere三、工程审核咨询程序With the cooperation of the client, we have familiarized with the project and concted on-site measurement, recalculation, and verification on the work amount. We have made dections for the unperformed items on the full-responsibility non-negotiable agreement; and also made adjustment for approved additional items. In our performance of the construction cost audit, we have followed the relevant laws and regulations. Based on the information collected ring the course of practice, the construction contract and quotas, we confirm that the content of the report reflects our objective and professional opinions.审核咨询方在甲方的密切配合下，熟悉相关资料，对完成的工程量进行现场丈量和计算核对，对包干闭口价施工企业漏项予以增减，对后增项目予以认可的做出调整，审核咨询人员按照合法的程序，严格依据合同和定额，客观公正予以审核咨询。IV. Construction Cost Audit Declaration 四、工程审核说明For the construction contract is a full-responsibility non-negotiable agreement, we have concted on-site investigation and audited each item stated in the contract. We have made below dections for the items that did not meet the contractual requirement:由于甲、乙双方签订的合同为包干闭口价，依据现场实际情况，我们对合同内的项目行逐项审核，实际现场施工方没按合同和设计要求施工的项目，我们予以扣除；For the materials with specific brand name requirement, we have made temperate price adjustment according to the market price if the contractor did not meet the requirements. For the materials without specific brand name requirement, we have treated them as disputable item.设计要求使用指定品牌及型号的材料，如果施工企业不按此规定执行的，我公司暂按市场价格予以调整，对于品牌、型号非设计招标要求的，列入有争议款项计取；The repeatedly charged items have been dected from the final calculations (Please refer to Construction Cost Audit Declaration).重复上报的工作量予以扣除。（详见工程审核说明）V. The Purpose of Construction Cost Audit五、工程审核的目的The purpose of this report is to audit the construction and decoration work performed by the contractor for the factory of A1, No. 55 Shushan Road, Songjiang District. The audit includes review and verification the actual work amount according the construction contract; recalculate costs; disclosure and adjustment for unperformed work, repeatedly charged works, and works that did not meet contract terms or specific design requirement; and provide final conclusions.如实反映出松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修施工企业已完项目及不应计取合同范围内未施工的内容、重复上报项目、未按合同中约定及图纸设计品牌指导应扣除的造价，给予最终结论。VI. Construction Cost Audit Result六、工程审核咨询结果The project’s final settlement price reported by the contractor is 10,055,476.06 RMB. (This settlement price includes the payment of 1,309,318.60 RBM to the original contractor, Shanghai Huiling Construction and Decoration Co., Ltd.) Because of the particularity of this project, the settlement is composed by two parts. One part is the work load completed by the contractor according to the construction contract. The amount is 4,025,950.64 RMB, which has been approved by the property owner. Another part is the work that was altered from the construction contract and original design. The amount is approximately 2,000,000.00 RMB. The contractor failed to provide justification for the alteration; therefore the altered work has not been approved by the property owner. This amount is categorized as a disputable item. In summary, the disputable dection amount for this project is 4,720,206.76 RMB; the undisputable dection amount for this project is 2,720,206，76 RMB.本工程施工企业上报结算金额为人民币：10055476.06元，大写：壹仟零伍万伍仟肆佰柒拾陆元零陆分；（含施工单位确认且已支付给原总包单位：上海汇陵建筑装饰有限公司1,309,318.60元）对于本工程结算的特殊性，本工程结算分两部分组成，一部分为施工单位按照合同要求已完工的工程量，业主方经审价后认可的金额为：4025950.64元，大写：肆佰零贰万伍仟玖佰伍拾元陆角肆分；另一部分是施工单位未按照合同和设计要求变更工作的，应业主方不予认可且施工单位也未提供变更依据的金额约为人民币：200万，故列入争议项目。因本工程的特殊性其核减金额（含有争议的款项）为人民币：4720206.76元，大写：肆佰柒拾贰万零贰佰零陆元柒角陆分，不含争议款项其核减金额为人民币：2720206，76元，大写：贰佰柒拾贰万零贰佰零陆元柒角陆分。The contractor has completed the work amount of 4,025,950.64 RMB according to the contract. However, this project has not been given the final acceptance; and the property owner still has some objections regarding the quality problems. Therefore, the amount of 4,025,950.64 RMB in this audit report does not represent the quality standard accepted by the client. The client still reserves the right to request the contractor for compensation or repair work e to quality problems. （就施工单位按照合同已完成的工程量4025950.64元，鉴于本工程至今未进行竣工验收，且业主方就工程质量尚存异议，故本报告审定的工程价款并不代表业主方认可相关工程质量，业主方保留进行质量索赔和要求施工单位返工返修的权利。）资料来源：华东建设造价预算网

8、本人大四，毕业设计需要工程方面（工程估价与造价的最好）的英语文献及翻译，求大神帮忙~~

摘 要：在日常的估价中经常遇到对在建工程的估价，如以在建工程进行抵押贷款、以在建工程进行投资以及对“烂尾楼” 的处置等。在建工程作为房地产的一种类型，其估价应遵循房地产估价一般的原则、程序和方法，但在建工程估价又有其自身的特点。《房地产估价规范》 (以不简称《规范》)对这方面的论述并不多，本文针对在建工程估价的特点和常用的估价方法进行一些探讨。 关键词：在建工程 估价 一、在建工程的概念及其估价的特点 在建工程泛指处于建设过程中、尚未完工并交付使用的工程项目，一般把是否进行了整体竣工验收作为界定的主要依据。作为房地产的一种类型，在建工程的表现形式多种多样，既可以是处于建设过程中的项目，也可以是已停工多年的“烂尾楼。对在建工程价值的估算和判定称为在建工程估价。相对于 般房地产的估价，在建工程估价有以下几个特点： 1、在建工程的个性差异往往比较突出，不同工程之间的可比性较差，对在建工程估价要建立在对其全面分析了解的基础上。 2、花在在建工程上的实际费用支出与其形象进度并不一致，有时偏差还很大，因此实际的费用支出并不能客观地反映在建工程的价值。 3、对工期较长或停建多年的工程，由于市场和外部条件的变化，其技术性、功能性贬值不可忽视，特别是在采用成本法估价时。有的项目还没建成在市场上就已经落后了，市场价值远低于实际的投入。 4、在建工程的价值并非各项投入的累加，要根据市场情况体现出其潜在的利润，这也是对在建工程采用成本法和假设开发法估价时的难点之一。 5、按照工程项目的建设程序，土地费用和不构成工程实体的前期费用往往是先行投入的，与工程的实际进度无关，在估价时不可遗漏。 6、对在建工程的估价往往无法直接采用一般房地产估价的方法，应结合在建工程的特点对各种方法进行修订后灵活地综合使用。 二、在建工程估价常用的几种方法及其适用条件 《规范》中列举了房地产估价的五种基本方法，除收益法一般不采用外，其它方法对在建工程都适用。但相对于一般房地产估价，对在建工程估价时一般要结合其特点进行适当修订，很难直接套用。下面对常用的几种方法及其适用条件进行简单论述。 1、成本法：重置成本(或重建成本) 的构成在《规范》中进行了列举，但估价时要结合在建工程的特点灵活地采用。与一般房地产项目不同的是，在建工程估价采用成本法时不会出现折旧(或经济耐用年限) 问题， 而是表现在技术性、功能性贬值上，这是用成本法对在建工程估价的第一个难点。对于技术性贬值，如采用的是重置成本，则技术性贬值已体现在重置成本中；如采用的是重建成本．则应对技术性落后的因素进行对比量化。功能性贬值在采用成本法时往往不能忽视．很多项目由于市场发生了较大变化在建设过程中就已经落后了。特别是“烂尾楼”，大部分都是早年设计的，由于设计与规划方案存在明显的不足其功能性贬值就更突出。对功能性贬值的分析一般建立在估价师的经验和对市场的判断上，有时人们的心理因素对房地产价值都有影响，笔者评估过的一栋住宅楼，由于在建设过程中发生了安全事故，经媒体报道引起很大的社会反响，结果建成后无人问津，不得不降价销售，类似的情况都是估价师很难准确把握的。成本法估价的另一个难点是确定在建工程潜在的开发利润，《规范》中提到利润率可取市场上类似房地产项目的平均利润率。但笔者认为．在确定开发利润时，首先要进行市场预测，判断项目续建完成后是畅销、一般销售还是滞销。对于畅销的情况，可参照同类型房地产的平均市场利润率结合在建工程的完工程度按一定的百分率计取；对于滞销的情况．一般不考虑开发利润，因为建成后滞销的房地产在市场上是很难赚到钱的，能把投资成本收回来就已经不错了。 2、假设开发法：《规范》中对采用假设开发法对在建工程估价有详细公式(见《规范》P66)，但实际操作中很难直接套用。可以从另一个角度把公式变为：在建工程价值=假设开发完成后房地产价值一(续建成本+管理费用+投资利息+销售税费+续建投资利润+买方购买在建工程税费)，括号内的内容实际是采用的是成本法的思想，可称为“续建工程的成本法”。应用该公式时对“续建投资利润” 的确定是个难点，关键是对在建工程潜在的利润和续建设资的利润按怎样的比例进行分配，一般应结合开发完成后的总利润和完工程度进行综合分析后确定。 3、市场比较法：直接采用市场比较法往往很难找到合适的交易案例，如有案例可供比较，由于前述在建工程的特点限制，在估价时修正的因素也较多，修正辐度较大，所以估价时较少直接采用市场比较法，而是与其他方法结合使用。市场比较法结合假设开发法时，主要是用来确定续建完成后房地产的市场价值，以及利用市场比较法的思想用来确定建设成本、利润率等。 4、基准地价修正法：采用房地分估时，常用基准地价修正法对土地估价。但房地分估时要对诸如城市基础设施配套费、综合开发费、规划设计费等前期费用在土地和房产中划分清楚，做到不重不漏。 5、收益法：由于在建工程的特点在估价时一般不适用收益法。 6、其他方法：对在建工程的估价除上述几种方法外，《规范》中还列举了在确定续建完成后房地产价值时可采用趋势分析法。另外，如果在建工程的有关工程资料齐全或已进行了工程预结算，有时还可以用预算调整法、重编预算法进行建筑工程成本的估算，但需要具备这方面的专业知识。下面对各种方法的适用条件及应用方式进行对比： (l)成本法：适用无市场交易，且各成本要素容易，直接采用获取。 (2)假设开发法：有市场潜力、有续建投资价值，直接采用或结合市场法。 (3)市场比较法：有类似在建工程的市场交易，直接采用或结合假设开发法。 (4)基准地价修正法：房地分估且有基准地价，直接采用。 (5)收益法：在确定续建完成后价格时可与一般不适用，假设开发法结合使用。 (6)趋势分析法：价格起伏平稳且价格指数齐全准确，预测估价时可直接采用或与假设开发法结合使用。 (7)重编预算法：资料齐全且已进行工程结算， 用专业方法确定建安成本。看这篇文章是你需要的吗 如果还需要参考资料 请访问（59168） 祝你顺利

1、工程管理方向、工程造价方向的外文均可，要求翻译成中文字数不少于2000字（急急急急急！！！）

9 Benefits of a Project ScheleThe Value of a Project Schele "Failing to plan means planning to fail" In my mind, that sums it up. But this article will focus on providing some more detailed benefits. Contrary to what you might be thinking, this article is NOT some type of promotion for the use of Microsoft Project. As a matter of fact, your schele could be developed on a napkin, providing you (and your team) develop it, and manage with it!! Forces detailed thinking and planningThis is the biggest benefit! Brainstorming with the team on what needs to be done when and by whom can be a very enlightening exercise. A few months ago I was assisting a project manager and his team as they were developing their plan. As we were loading the tasks into the project schele (again, could have easily been a napkin), I kept asking about predecessors and successors. This would be followed by a long pause as the team members pondered the concept, then discussion and sometimes, additional tasks would surface. About 3/4 of the way through the exercise the project manager stated "So now I see why we should do it this way!"Improves communicationA completed / current version of the schele keeps all team members "singing from the same page of the hymn book". When the team knows what is supposed to occur when and by whom, this makes managing the rest of the project a little easier. Communicating with management, the customer, and other stakeholders is also much easier with a schele.Provides a goalWhether it is the short term goals of tasks for the week, the mid range goals of a deliverable or milestone, or the overall project finish date, this information is all contained within the schele. And providing you are following the tip of communicating, all team members should be aware of these goals.Lets you know when you are off trackJust like when you take a trip; the schele is the roadmap that tells you how to get from point A to point Z. There even may be times when you experience potholes or detours, but if you did not have a roadmap, how would you get back on track? Monitoring the baseline or original schele allows you to know when you get off track. It will tell you just how far off track your project is, and allow you to experiment with what-if scenario's for getting back on track.Reces delivery timeThere are a couple of ways a schele helps here.Once your original schele is complete, you now have the abilitiy to step back and determine what tasks could be started early or completed in parallel with other tasks (Fast Tracking). Secondly, by tying dates and rations to tasks creates a sense of urgency that might not otherwise be there. Without these dates, a team member may postpone working on an activity that could cause a delay in downstream milestones. Reces costsYou may think that developing and managing a schele would increase costs. It is more work right? Here are a few examples of how a schele reces cost. Reces rework - Imagine someone starting to develop the code for a new application without all the requirements.Eliminates plicate work - Imagine person A and person B heading off to perform the same task when only person A was assigned.Return resources sooner - Whether renting a bulldozer, or contracting a team of people, the longer those resources are on the project, the more costly it becomes. A schele will enable the project manager to return those resources as soon as possible. Increases proctivityBy examining the sequence of tasks and the resources assigned, perhaps periods can be found where resources are under-utilized. Assigning them to additional tasks or changing the logic of when the tasks should be performed will make the team more proctive. See problems earlyWhether it is an issue with a milestone date slipping or resources being over-allocated a month from now, having an up-to-date schele can help you see these problems before they become true issues impacting your project. You can leverage the schele for what-if scenarios to find a solution or raise the issue to the proper stakeholders well in advance. Enables project manager to control the project instead of the project having control of themThis one is probably debatable by many project managers who currently have a detailed schele but still find themselves struggling each day just to stay afloat. But imagine where you would be without that plan! Hopefully this article has proven some of the value in creating and maintaining a project schele. If you are currently managing your projects without a schele, you should try building one and managing to it. I'm sure you will find your life will change. If you do use a schele, whether it is in MS Project, Excel, or a napkin, look at it now and see how many of these tips you can apply.

2、急求英文翻译，工程造价类

The fixed quantity valuation and the detailed list valuation are determine the building cost of projects two kind of valuation model.The fixed quantity valuation is take generally the budget quota, each kind of expenses standards as the foundation basis, according to stipulation computational procere determination building cost of projects valuation method.But the detailed list valuation is in the unified resilience computation rule foundation, the formulation resilience detailed list project establishment rule, calculates each detailed list project according to the concrete project's construction blueprint the resilience, acts according to each kind of channel to obtain the building cost of projects information and the empirical data computation again obtains the building cost of projects one valuation method.Can manifest the detailed list valuation bid fully in the graation project process the superiority, the better creation equal competition's platform, gives the risk equal division both sides, and can let the owner carry on the effective control to the project.Manifests the tendency which in the design the detailed list tender offer the superiority and the present will develop.

3、急求一个关于工程造价的外文文献及中文翻译，外文文献要有期刊号。谢谢了

外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了百，如果需要直接百度Hi中留言同时贴度出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你问的需要，能帮到你，答并请及时知道评价，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏内点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，并请及时采容纳

4、急需一份工程造价外文翻译夹带中文译文

工程造价是指进行某项工程建设所花费的全部费用。工程造价是一个广义概念，在不同的场合，工程造价含义不同。由于研究对象不同，工程造价有建设工程造价，单项工程造价，单位工程造价以及建筑安装工程造价等。 工程造价专业培养具有良好的科学素养，掌握工程造价的基础知识，熟悉工程造价全过程的管理，经过严格的实践技能训练,以工程施工阶段工程造价的编制与控制为重点的高级技术应用型人才。 工程造价专业毕业生主要从事建筑、安装、市政等施工阶段工程预算及工程结算与决算，工程审计与估价，定额编制与管理；还可从事工业与民用建筑工程的施工和组织管理、工程监理、工程招投标及项目管理等方面的工作。 工程造价专业 培养目标：本专业培养德智体美全面发展，具备扎实的高等教育文化理论基础，适应我国和地方区域经济建设发展需要，具备管理学、经济学和土木工程技术的基本知识，掌握现代工程造价管理科学的理论、方法和手段，获得造价工程师、咨询（投资）工程师的基本训练，具有工程建设项目投资决策和全过程各阶段工程造价管理能力，有实践能力和创新精神的应用型高级工程造价管理人才。 就业方向：学生毕业后能够在工程（造价）咨询公司、建筑施工企业（乙方）、建筑装潢装饰工程公司、工程建设监理公司、房地产开发企业、设计院、会计审计事务所、政府部门企事业单位基建部门（甲方）等企事业单位，从事工程造价招标代理、建设项目投融资和投资控制、工程造价确定与控制、投标报价决策、合同管理、工程预（结）决算、工程成本分析、工程咨询、工程监理以及工程造价管理相关软件的开发应用和技术支持等工作。 开设的主要课程：画法几何与工程制图、工程制图与 CAD 、管理学原理、房屋建筑学、建筑材料、工程力学、工程结构、建筑施工技术、工程项目管理、工程经济学、建筑工程计价、土建工程计量、安装工程施工技术、工程造价管理、建设工程合同管理、工程造价案例分析、电工学、流体力学、建筑电气与施工、安装工程计价与计量、建筑给排水与施工等。 授予学位：工学学士或管理学学士 工程造价（Project Cost）两种含义。第一种含义：工程造价是指建设一项工程预期开支或实际开支的全部固定资产投资费用。也就是一项工程通过建设形成相应的固定资产、无形资产所需用一次性费用的总和。这一含义是从投资者—业主的角度来定义的。从这个意义上说，工程造价就是指工程价格。即为建成一项工程，预计或实际在土地市场、设备市场、技术劳务市场，以及承包市场等交易活动中所形成的建筑安装工程的价格和建设工程总价格。通常是把工程造价的第二种含义只认定为工程承发包价格。它是在建筑市场通过招投标，由需求主体投资者和供给主体建筑商共同认可的价格。Project cost is the construction of a project to spend the full cost. Project cost is a broad concept, on different occasions, different cost implications. Different as a result of the study, construction cost to build a project cost, the indivial project cost, unit cost and the cost of such construction and installation works.Project cost of professional training with a sound scientific knowledge, to master the basics of project cost, with the entire process of project cost management, practical skills through rigorous training to the project construction phase of the preparation of project cost focus and control the application of high-level technical personnel .Project Cost graates mainly in construction, installation, construction of municipal projects, such as budget and project billing and accounts, project audit and valuation, fixed the preparation and management; also engaged in instrial and civil engineering construction and organizational management, engineering supervision, project bidding and project management work.Project cost of professionalTraining Objectives: This all-round development of professional training with a solid theoretical foundation for culture of higher ecation to adapt to China's regional economic development and local development needs, with the management of science, economics and civil engineering technology, basic knowledge, to master modern engineering cost the management of scientific theories, methods and means of access to cost engineers, consulting (investment) engineers the basic training, with a construction project and the whole process of investment decision-making at all stages of project cost management ability, practical ability and innovative application-oriented high-level project cost management personnel.Employment orientation: after graation in engineering (cost) consulting firms, construction companies (B), decoration of construction, engineering construction supervision companies, real estate development enterprises, and design, accounting, auditing firms, government departments, enterprises infrastructure sector institutions (Party), such as enterprises, institutions,Tender agent to engage in project cost, project investment and financing and investment control, project cost to determine and control, tender offer decision-making, contract management, engineering, pre-(end) accounts, engineering cost analysis, engineering consulting, engineering supervision and project cost management software development and application and technical support and so on.Set up the main course: Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing, Engineering Drawing with CAD, Principles of Management, housing architecture, building materials, engineering mechanics, engineering structures, construction technology, project management, engineering economics, construction pricing, measures civil works, installation engineering technology, project cost management, construction contract management, project cost case analysis, electrical engineering, fluid mechanics, construction and electrical construction, pricing and metering installation works, building and construction, such as water supply and drainage.Conferment of academic degrees: Bachelor of Engineering or Bachelor of ManagementProject Cost (Project Cost) two kinds of meaning. The first is the meaning of: building construction cost is the expected expenditure on a project or the actual expenditure of the cost of all investment in fixed assets. That is, the formation of a project through the construction of the corresponding fixed assets, intangible assets required for the sum of one-time costs. This means that from the investors - the owners in terms of the definition. In this sense, the project cost price refers to the project. Completion of a project is expected to or actually in the land market, market, technical labor market,As well as trading activity contracting market in the form of construction and installation works price and the total price of construction projects. Project cost is usually the only the second meaning that prices for works contracts. It is in the construction market, the main demand of investors and the supply of the main builders of the price of the common recognition.

5、翻译工程造价论文摘要

With China's western development in full swing, the central and western regions has been formed a big investment, the development of the situation. With the expansion of the scale of modern engineering construction project, the difficulty of the construction technology and quality requirement enhances unceasingly, departments and units, interactive growing amount of information, the information exchange and transmission becomes more and more frequent, the complexity of the construction project cost management and the difficulty is more and more prominent. Informatization of project construction management is imperative.In this paper, in combination with the practical situation of our company, design and implementation of the project cost management information system. System based on three-layer architecture development, C#.NET has high repeatability and maintainability. The establishment of the three-tier architecture model database, reced the number of connected to the database server. Due to the ?

6、我是工程造价专业的学生 急需以下课程名称的英文翻译

Situation and Policies ecation, computer programming based VF, cost English, engineering bill pricing, economic law and contract management, project risks and management contracts, project management, installation works over the budget, financial management, real estate valuation, municipal works, Principles of management, systems engineering, fixed principle and Budget, technical economics, construction projects over the budget, construction machinery, operations research, foundation and the foundation, construction equipment engineering, construction supervision Studies, construction design, construction economics, housing construction Xue, building regulations, management, psychology, lawyer system and practice, read financial reports of listed companies

7、急求一篇关于工程造价的文章，并翻译成中文 字数1000左右吧

Construction Cost Audit ReportFor Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd. Project佼佼意人食品（上海）有限公司松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修工程结算审核咨询报告To: Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd.佼佼意人食品（上海）有限公司：Entrusted by Pasta & Pizza Salvo Co., Ltd.(The “Client” or the “Property Owner”), Beijing Zhongruiyuehua Project Cost Consulting Co.,Ltd. (The “Auditor” or “We”) has performed a construction cost audit on the completed factory decoration project of A1, No.55 Shushan Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai. During the auditing period, Shanghai Jinsha Construction & Installation Co., Ltd. (The “Contractor”) did not provide the complete information for settlement verification. Under the circumstance that we did not have the complete information, we have reviewed and verified the actual on-site work amount of the factory at A1, No.55 Shushan Road.受贵司委托对松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修工程进行已完工程结算审核咨询，在委托期间由于总包施工企业上海金厦建筑安装工程有限公司（以下简称施工方）不予以配合，未提供完整的结算审核资料。我们在施工企业提供的资料不完整的情况下，受业主委托对书山路55号A1厂房现场所发生的实际工程量予以复核。I. Auditor’s Statement一、工程审核委托说明In accordance with the construction contract, the property owner shall review and verify the proposed settlement provided by the contractor and give feedback. However, the contractor refused to provide complete information for settlement verification. The property owner has engaged us, the project cost consulting company, to audit the actual work amount and construction cost for this project on its behalf. Therefore, our calculated construction cost is based on the information provided by property owner and actual on-site measurement; and our audit result is only to provide a professional opinion to the property owner as a reference. If the contractor provided fully comprehensive information for settlement verification, we will charge the client differently in accordance with the service agreement.根据施工合同的要求，业主方应对施工方上报的结算申请予以复核，并回复意见。由于施工方拒绝提供完整的结算资料。本公司依据业主方的单方面委托，以专业身份代替业主按实审核已完工程造价，故本报告仅为本公司根据业主方提供的相关信息及现场实地丈量情况计算的工程造价，其审核结果为提供给业主方结算的参考意见，如施工方另行提供结算资料，我们将根据委托协议，进行调整。II. Construction Cost Audit Basis二、工程审核依据1. This audit report is in accordance with “Shanghai Construction and Decoration Project Budget Quota (2000)”, “Shanghai Installation Project Budget Quota (2000)”, and other related quotas, current documents, and provisions issued by Shanghai Construction authority.1.本审核咨询书依据《上海市建筑和装饰工程预算定额(2000)》、《上海市安装工程预算定额2000》等上海市建设主管部门颁发的有关工程造价的与“2000”定额相配套的其他现行文件和规定执行。2. In this audit report, the additional charge rate of 6% is in accordance with “Shanghai Construction Cost Information.”2．本审核咨询书增加项目工程造价取费费率取定根据上海市《上海市工程造价信息》所刊登之费率取定如下：装修工程综合费率按6%计取。3. In this audit report, man-hour rate and partial main materials are calculated using the average method in accordance with “Shanghai Construction Cost Information;” all other materials without market price guide are referred to current market price and the actual condition of construction. 3．本审核咨询书人工费单价及部分主要材料价格根据施工期间《上海市工程造价信息》中所刊登价格按算术平均值计算，无市场指导价的材料均按市场实价并结合本工程的实际情况进行计取。4. Construction contracts, sub contracts, and other related agreements with sub-contractors; 4.建设施工合同、分包合同、与分包单位的结算协议；5.Bid documents and tender documents; 5.招标文件、投标文件；6.Design papers and deepened description, work amount, specific brand requirement, and other related specifications; 6.设计图纸及设计深化说明、工程量、指定品牌要求及其相关说明；7.Related laws and regulations; 7．有关法律、法规；8.Information provided by the client and other related verifications. 8．委托单位提供的资料及其相关依据证明。III. Construction Cost Audit Procere三、工程审核咨询程序With the cooperation of the client, we have familiarized with the project and concted on-site measurement, recalculation, and verification on the work amount. We have made dections for the unperformed items on the full-responsibility non-negotiable agreement; and also made adjustment for approved additional items. In our performance of the construction cost audit, we have followed the relevant laws and regulations. Based on the information collected ring the course of practice, the construction contract and quotas, we confirm that the content of the report reflects our objective and professional opinions.审核咨询方在甲方的密切配合下，熟悉相关资料，对完成的工程量进行现场丈量和计算核对，对包干闭口价施工企业漏项予以增减，对后增项目予以认可的做出调整，审核咨询人员按照合法的程序，严格依据合同和定额，客观公正予以审核咨询。IV. Construction Cost Audit Declaration 四、工程审核说明For the construction contract is a full-responsibility non-negotiable agreement, we have concted on-site investigation and audited each item stated in the contract. We have made below dections for the items that did not meet the contractual requirement:由于甲、乙双方签订的合同为包干闭口价，依据现场实际情况，我们对合同内的项目行逐项审核，实际现场施工方没按合同和设计要求施工的项目，我们予以扣除；For the materials with specific brand name requirement, we have made temperate price adjustment according to the market price if the contractor did not meet the requirements. For the materials without specific brand name requirement, we have treated them as disputable item.设计要求使用指定品牌及型号的材料，如果施工企业不按此规定执行的，我公司暂按市场价格予以调整，对于品牌、型号非设计招标要求的，列入有争议款项计取；The repeatedly charged items have been dected from the final calculations (Please refer to Construction Cost Audit Declaration).重复上报的工作量予以扣除。（详见工程审核说明）V. The Purpose of Construction Cost Audit五、工程审核的目的The purpose of this report is to audit the construction and decoration work performed by the contractor for the factory of A1, No. 55 Shushan Road, Songjiang District. The audit includes review and verification the actual work amount according the construction contract; recalculate costs; disclosure and adjustment for unperformed work, repeatedly charged works, and works that did not meet contract terms or specific design requirement; and provide final conclusions.如实反映出松江区书山路55号A1厂房装修施工企业已完项目及不应计取合同范围内未施工的内容、重复上报项目、未按合同中约定及图纸设计品牌指导应扣除的造价，给予最终结论。VI. Construction Cost Audit Result六、工程审核咨询结果The project’s final settlement price reported by the contractor is 10,055,476.06 RMB. (This settlement price includes the payment of 1,309,318.60 RBM to the original contractor, Shanghai Huiling Construction and Decoration Co., Ltd.) Because of the particularity of this project, the settlement is composed by two parts. One part is the work load completed by the contractor according to the construction contract. The amount is 4,025,950.64 RMB, which has been approved by the property owner. Another part is the work that was altered from the construction contract and original design. The amount is approximately 2,000,000.00 RMB. The contractor failed to provide justification for the alteration; therefore the altered work has not been approved by the property owner. This amount is categorized as a disputable item. In summary, the disputable dection amount for this project is 4,720,206.76 RMB; the undisputable dection amount for this project is 2,720,206，76 RMB.本工程施工企业上报结算金额为人民币：10055476.06元，大写：壹仟零伍万伍仟肆佰柒拾陆元零陆分；（含施工单位确认且已支付给原总包单位：上海汇陵建筑装饰有限公司1,309,318.60元）对于本工程结算的特殊性，本工程结算分两部分组成，一部分为施工单位按照合同要求已完工的工程量，业主方经审价后认可的金额为：4025950.64元，大写：肆佰零贰万伍仟玖佰伍拾元陆角肆分；另一部分是施工单位未按照合同和设计要求变更工作的，应业主方不予认可且施工单位也未提供变更依据的金额约为人民币：200万，故列入争议项目。因本工程的特殊性其核减金额（含有争议的款项）为人民币：4720206.76元，大写：肆佰柒拾贰万零贰佰零陆元柒角陆分，不含争议款项其核减金额为人民币：2720206，76元，大写：贰佰柒拾贰万零贰佰零陆元柒角陆分。The contractor has completed the work amount of 4,025,950.64 RMB according to the contract. However, this project has not been given the final acceptance; and the property owner still has some objections regarding the quality problems. Therefore, the amount of 4,025,950.64 RMB in this audit report does not represent the quality standard accepted by the client. The client still reserves the right to request the contractor for compensation or repair work e to quality problems. （就施工单位按照合同已完成的工程量4025950.64元，鉴于本工程至今未进行竣工验收，且业主方就工程质量尚存异议，故本报告审定的工程价款并不代表业主方认可相关工程质量，业主方保留进行质量索赔和要求施工单位返工返修的权利。）资料来源：华东建设造价预算网

8、本人大四，毕业设计需要工程方面（工程估价与造价的最好）的英语文献及翻译，求大神帮忙~~

摘 要：在日常的估价中经常遇到对在建工程的估价，如以在建工程进行抵押贷款、以在建工程进行投资以及对“烂尾楼” 的处置等。在建工程作为房地产的一种类型，其估价应遵循房地产估价一般的原则、程序和方法，但在建工程估价又有其自身的特点。《房地产估价规范》 (以不简称《规范》)对这方面的论述并不多，本文针对在建工程估价的特点和常用的估价方法进行一些探讨。 关键词：在建工程 估价 一、在建工程的概念及其估价的特点 在建工程泛指处于建设过程中、尚未完工并交付使用的工程项目，一般把是否进行了整体竣工验收作为界定的主要依据。作为房地产的一种类型，在建工程的表现形式多种多样，既可以是处于建设过程中的项目，也可以是已停工多年的“烂尾楼。对在建工程价值的估算和判定称为在建工程估价。相对于 般房地产的估价，在建工程估价有以下几个特点： 1、在建工程的个性差异往往比较突出，不同工程之间的可比性较差，对在建工程估价要建立在对其全面分析了解的基础上。 2、花在在建工程上的实际费用支出与其形象进度并不一致，有时偏差还很大，因此实际的费用支出并不能客观地反映在建工程的价值。 3、对工期较长或停建多年的工程，由于市场和外部条件的变化，其技术性、功能性贬值不可忽视，特别是在采用成本法估价时。有的项目还没建成在市场上就已经落后了，市场价值远低于实际的投入。 4、在建工程的价值并非各项投入的累加，要根据市场情况体现出其潜在的利润，这也是对在建工程采用成本法和假设开发法估价时的难点之一。 5、按照工程项目的建设程序，土地费用和不构成工程实体的前期费用往往是先行投入的，与工程的实际进度无关，在估价时不可遗漏。 6、对在建工程的估价往往无法直接采用一般房地产估价的方法，应结合在建工程的特点对各种方法进行修订后灵活地综合使用。 二、在建工程估价常用的几种方法及其适用条件 《规范》中列举了房地产估价的五种基本方法，除收益法一般不采用外，其它方法对在建工程都适用。但相对于一般房地产估价，对在建工程估价时一般要结合其特点进行适当修订，很难直接套用。下面对常用的几种方法及其适用条件进行简单论述。 1、成本法：重置成本(或重建成本) 的构成在《规范》中进行了列举，但估价时要结合在建工程的特点灵活地采用。与一般房地产项目不同的是，在建工程估价采用成本法时不会出现折旧(或经济耐用年限) 问题， 而是表现在技术性、功能性贬值上，这是用成本法对在建工程估价的第一个难点。对于技术性贬值，如采用的是重置成本，则技术性贬值已体现在重置成本中；如采用的是重建成本．则应对技术性落后的因素进行对比量化。功能性贬值在采用成本法时往往不能忽视．很多项目由于市场发生了较大变化在建设过程中就已经落后了。特别是“烂尾楼”，大部分都是早年设计的，由于设计与规划方案存在明显的不足其功能性贬值就更突出。对功能性贬值的分析一般建立在估价师的经验和对市场的判断上，有时人们的心理因素对房地产价值都有影响，笔者评估过的一栋住宅楼，由于在建设过程中发生了安全事故，经媒体报道引起很大的社会反响，结果建成后无人问津，不得不降价销售，类似的情况都是估价师很难准确把握的。成本法估价的另一个难点是确定在建工程潜在的开发利润，《规范》中提到利润率可取市场上类似房地产项目的平均利润率。但笔者认为．在确定开发利润时，首先要进行市场预测，判断项目续建完成后是畅销、一般销售还是滞销。对于畅销的情况，可参照同类型房地产的平均市场利润率结合在建工程的完工程度按一定的百分率计取；对于滞销的情况．一般不考虑开发利润，因为建成后滞销的房地产在市场上是很难赚到钱的，能把投资成本收回来就已经不错了。 2、假设开发法：《规范》中对采用假设开发法对在建工程估价有详细公式(见《规范》P66)，但实际操作中很难直接套用。可以从另一个角度把公式变为：在建工程价值=假设开发完成后房地产价值一(续建成本+管理费用+投资利息+销售税费+续建投资利润+买方购买在建工程税费)，括号内的内容实际是采用的是成本法的思想，可称为“续建工程的成本法”。应用该公式时对“续建投资利润” 的确定是个难点，关键是对在建工程潜在的利润和续建设资的利润按怎样的比例进行分配，一般应结合开发完成后的总利润和完工程度进行综合分析后确定。 3、市场比较法：直接采用市场比较法往往很难找到合适的交易案例，如有案例可供比较，由于前述在建工程的特点限制，在估价时修正的因素也较多，修正辐度较大，所以估价时较少直接采用市场比较法，而是与其他方法结合使用。市场比较法结合假设开发法时，主要是用来确定续建完成后房地产的市场价值，以及利用市场比较法的思想用来确定建设成本、利润率等。 4、基准地价修正法：采用房地分估时，常用基准地价修正法对土地估价。但房地分估时要对诸如城市基础设施配套费、综合开发费、规划设计费等前期费用在土地和房产中划分清楚，做到不重不漏。 5、收益法：由于在建工程的特点在估价时一般不适用收益法。 6、其他方法：对在建工程的估价除上述几种方法外，《规范》中还列举了在确定续建完成后房地产价值时可采用趋势分析法。另外，如果在建工程的有关工程资料齐全或已进行了工程预结算，有时还可以用预算调整法、重编预算法进行建筑工程成本的估算，但需要具备这方面的专业知识。下面对各种方法的适用条件及应用方式进行对比： (l)成本法：适用无市场交易，且各成本要素容易，直接采用获取。 (2)假设开发法：有市场潜力、有续建投资价值，直接采用或结合市场法。 (3)市场比较法：有类似在建工程的市场交易，直接采用或结合假设开发法。 (4)基准地价修正法：房地分估且有基准地价，直接采用。 (5)收益法：在确定续建完成后价格时可与一般不适用，假设开发法结合使用。 (6)趋势分析法：价格起伏平稳且价格指数齐全准确，预测估价时可直接采用或与假设开发法结合使用。 (7)重编预算法：资料齐全且已进行工程结算， 用专业方法确定建安成本。看这篇文章是你需要的吗 如果还需要参考资料 请访问（59168） 祝你顺利

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